| Working at height: falls from the scaffold or ladders during erection, adaptation and dismantling | The three scaffolders. A fall from the two-storey height could cause fatal or life-changing injury. | CISRS carded, SG4 trained operatives. Competent supervisor in charge. Ladder access bays within the scaffold. | 4×5=20 | Avoid work at height wherever possible by pre-assembling and by using a build sequence that keeps people inside guardrails. Fit advance guardrails or temporary handrails before stepping up to the next lift. Board each lift fully, with toe boards and double guardrails, before it is used. Access only through ladder bays, never climb the outside. Check weather and the ground before starting each lift. Sound ladder, tied and extending 1 m above the landing. A rescue plan is briefed to everyone before work. Where guardrails cannot be in place, use a harness and double lanyard (BS EN 361 and BS EN 355) clipped to the structure, as a last line of defence per SG4. Comply with the Work at Height Regulations 2005. | Medium |
| Working at height: scaffold instability, collapse or overloading | Scaffolders, roofers on the scaffold, residents and passers-by if it fell. | Competent person designs and supervises. Ties fixed as the scaffold rises. Handover certificate to be issued. | 3×5=15 | Confirm the design or TG20 basis and loading class with Redwood before starting. Use sole boards and base plates on firm, level ground, kept clear of drains and soft areas. Tie at the agreed pattern and check ties by pull test. Do not allow materials to be stacked beyond the limit on the handover certificate. Tell Redwood the scaffold must not be altered by others. Inspect before handover, at least every 7 days and after adverse weather, and record it (Work at Height Regulations 2005). Tag the scaffold and take it out of use if unsafe. Review the loading with the roofers if the plans change. | Medium |
| Occupied site: residents of the house, including any children, elderly or vulnerable people, and visitors, moving around the scaffold, drive, garden and doors | Residents, visitors, deliveries and pets could be struck by falling items, trip over materials or enter the working area. | Pre-start walk planned with the householder. Residents told when work takes place. | 3×3=9 | Agree a safe route to the front and rear doors with the householder. Fence off the working area with barriers, signs and a lockable gate. Schedule noisy or high-risk tasks (tube handling, drilling) when the route is clear or temporarily closed with a banksman. Fit a protected walkway with a fan or boarded cover where people have to pass under the scaffold. Keep fire escape routes from the house open. Keep doors and windows near drilling shut. Provide a contact number for residents. Hi-vis and boots for operatives as a backup. | Medium |
| Public and other trades nearby: pedestrians on the footway, neighbours, and Redwood's roofers working at the same time | Passers-by including children and people with prams or mobility aids, neighbours, and roofers who may use or alter the scaffold. | Highways licence to be obtained if the footway is used. Redwood is the principal contractor. | 3×4=12 | Use barriers, signs and a safe pedestrian route kept clear of the work area. Use a banksman when tube or boards cross the footway. Fit brick guards, toe boards, debris netting and a fan or covered walkway where people pass beneath the scaffold. Agree with Redwood in writing that only Apex scaffolders may alter or adapt the scaffold. Roofers are told the loading limit and the area they may use at handover. Clear bays and the footway before dismantling. Comply with CDM 2015 duties on co-operation and co-ordination with the principal contractor. | Medium |
| Live services (electricity): contact with the overhead electricity service cable, meter box or external electrical equipment while carrying or fixing tube | Scaffolders and anyone touching the scaffold. Electric shock or burns could be fatal. | Pre-start walk to find services. Operatives trained to be aware of services. | 2×5=10 | Find the service cable, meter and consumer unit positions at the pre-start walk and mark them on the briefing sketch. Avoid building within reach of the overhead cable where the design allows. If tube must be handled near it, ask the electricity distributor (call 105) to make safe or insulate the cable before starting. Carry tube horizontally and low, and never raise tube vertically near overhead cables. Follow the HSE guidance GS6, Avoiding danger from overhead power lines. Keep ties and tubes clear of cable runs, meter boxes and external lights. Comply with the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989. Stop and call the distributor if a cable is damaged. Insulating gloves are not a substitute for these controls. | Medium |
| Live services (gas and water): damage to the gas meter, boiler flue, vents, external taps, pipes or drains, and hitting hidden pipes or cables when drilling for ties | Residents and scaffolders. Gas escape, flooding, loss of supply and carbon monoxide from a blocked flue could cause serious harm. | Services identified on the pre-start walk. Ties kept away from visible pipes. | 2×4=8 | Mark meter boxes, flues, vents, taps and drain covers on the plan. Keep scaffold tube and boards clear of flue terminals and vents, and never board across a flue outlet. Use through or reveal ties where possible to avoid drilling. Where drilling is needed, scan the wall for hidden pipes and cables first, and drill from the outside after checking the inside route. Do not fix ties through or beside service runs. Protect the meter box and external taps with guards. If gas is smelt, stop, keep ignition sources away, ventilate, evacuate and call the National Gas Emergency number 0800 111 999. | Low |
| Falling objects: tubes, fittings, boards, tools or roofing debris dropping from the scaffold or being lifted with the gin wheel | Operatives below, residents, passers-by and roofers. Serious head and body injury is possible. | Hard hats worn. Gin wheel and rope available. Area below kept clear by the operatives. | 3×4=12 | Fit toe boards, brick guards and debris netting on all working lifts. Set up the exclusion zone under the work area, with a banksman where needed. Lift only with a sound gin wheel and rope, tied off, with a safe working load not exceeded. Never throw tube or fittings. Hand light items hand to hand. Keep tools on belts, lanyards or in bags. Roofers are told to keep the boards clear of tiles and waste. Check the gin wheel and rope before each use (Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998). Hard hats to BS EN 397 as a backup. | Medium |
| Manual handling: carrying scaffold tube, fittings and boards, and passing them up the scaffold | Scaffolders. Back and shoulder strains and crush injuries to hands and feet. | Experienced scaffolders. Handling trained. | 4×3=12 | Plan the loads so that tube lengths and board counts are sensible. Use two-person lifts for long tube and boards. Use the gin wheel for heavy items to avoid carrying them up ladders. Stack materials close to the point of use to cut carrying distance. Rotate tasks and take breaks. Comply with the Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992. Gloves (BS EN 388) and safety boots as a backup. | Medium |
| Slips, trips and falls on the same level: tube and fittings stored on the ground, uneven garden, drive or footway, wet or icy surfaces | Scaffolders, residents and passers-by. | Operatives look out for ground hazards. Stacks kept tidy. | 4×2=8 | Agree one storage area off the access route and stack tube neatly. Keep boards, ladders and bays clear of loose items. Tidy as you go and at the end of each day. Remove ice, leaves or mud from walking routes and board edges, or delay work until safe. Light the area in poor light. Keep a clear, level route for residents. Sound boots with good grip (BS EN ISO 20345). | Low |
| Weather: high wind, rain, ice or poor light affecting the scaffold, netting and the operatives | Scaffolders, roofers, residents and passers-by. | Weather forecast checked before work. Supervisor can stop work. | 3×4=12 | Check the forecast the day before and on the day. Stop work at height in high winds, ice or heavy rain, and make the scaffold safe. Tie sheeting or netting only to the design allowed, since it increases wind load. Re-inspect the scaffold after severe weather before anyone uses it again. Schedule the erect and dismantle on days with suitable weather where possible. Warm, waterproof clothing and gloves as a backup. | Medium |
| Respirable crystalline silica (RCS) dust from drilling into brick, block, render or mortar for scaffold ties, and from cleaning up | The operatives drilling and anyone nearby, including residents and neighbours, who may breathe the dust. Long-term lung disease may follow repeated exposure. | Drilling kept to the minimum. Operatives trained in dust awareness. | 3×4=12 | Plan the ties to reduce drilling, using through, reveal or box ties where the design allows. Where drilling into masonry is unavoidable, use on-tool extraction (M-class or H-class vacuum) or water suppression on every drill. Keep others away from the drilling area, keep nearby doors and windows closed and clean up with an H-class or M-class vacuum, never dry sweeping or compressed air. Then use RPE with an assigned protection factor of at least 20 (FFP3 disposable or equivalent), face-fit tested and worn clean shaven. Comply with the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) 2002 and HSE Construction Information Sheet CIS36, Construction dust. The workplace exposure limit for RCS is 0.1 mg/m3 (8-hour TWA) in HSE EH40/2005. | Medium |
| Disturbing unidentified asbestos-containing materials when drilling or fixing ties into the existing building (walls, soffits, eaves, fascia boards, textured coatings) | Scaffolders, residents, roofers and neighbours if fibres were released. Serious long-term lung disease is possible. | Ties fixed to sound masonry where possible. Operatives have awareness training to be confirmed. | 2×5=10 | Before work starts, check the client's asbestos register or management survey for the tie and fixing areas. If the register does not cover them, a refurbishment survey of that area is needed first (Control of Asbestos Regulations 2012, Regulation 5, identifying asbestos before work). Do not drill into soffits, boards or coatings that are not covered. Stop-work rule: if suspect material is found, stop, keep people away and report it to M. Doyle and Redwood before work carries on. Use fixings and ties that avoid disturbing eaves materials where the design allows. This is a check to be made, not a finding. | Medium |
| Noise and hand-arm vibration from drilling and tightening tools when fixing ties and fittings | Scaffolders using the tools, and residents and neighbours who hear the noise. | Drilling is short and occasional. Tools maintained. | 2×2=4 | Use through or reveal ties to reduce drilling. Use sharp bits and well-maintained tools, and limit trigger time. Rotate who drills. Agree noisy tasks with residents and Redwood, outside any sensitive times. Follow the Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005 and the Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 2005. Hearing protection (BS EN 352) when drilling, as a backup. | Low |
| Hand tools and fittings: cuts, pinches, crush injuries and trapped hands and fingers when tightening and handling couplers, tube and boards | Scaffolders. | Experienced operatives. Tools checked before use. | 3×2=6 | Check hand tools, podgers and spanners before use and remove damaged ones. Keep tools on a belt or in a holder. Deburr or replace damaged fittings. Keep hands clear of pinch points when lowering boards and tube, and use correct handling methods. Check tools under PUWER 1998. Gloves (BS EN 388) as a backup. | Low |
| Adapting the scaffold while roofers are working on or near it | Scaffolders, roofers and anyone below if the structure is altered unsafely or loaded unexpectedly. | Redwood is told that only Apex may alter the scaffold. Handover certificate in place. | 3×4=12 | Agree a request process with Redwood: roofers do not remove boards, guardrails, ties or toe boards. Clear the bay of people and materials before any adaptation. Fit extra ties or guardrails before removing the old. Re-inspect and re-sign the handover certificate before the bay is handed back. Keep a log of changes. Brief all roofers at handover and on any change. Comply with the Work at Height Regulations 2005. | Medium |
| Unauthorised access to the scaffold, such as by children, neighbours or intruders, climbing into upper floor windows and the roof | Children and members of the public who may climb and fall, and residents whose home may be less secure. | Gate to the front of the scaffold. Residents told to keep windows closed. | 3×4=12 | At the end of each day remove or lift the access ladders and fit ladder guards or a lockable gate or hatch, or board the bottom lift across the access. Fit anti-climb measures and signs on the bottom lift. Tell the householder how access to windows is protected. Check security at the start and end of each day. Keep the exclusion zone barriers in place. Check the guards again after any adaptation. | Medium |
| Loading and unloading delivery vehicles on the road, drive or footway, and reversing vehicles | Operatives, passers-by, residents and neighbours. Being struck by a vehicle or by loads. | Operatives trained in loading. Vehicle parked where agreed. | 3×4=12 | Agree the vehicle position and delivery time with Redwood and the householder. Use a banksman for reversing and loading, and close or protect the footway during unloading. Keep unloading time short. Use barriers and signs. Stack the loads on stable ground and lift in manageable loads. Hi-vis clothing (BS EN ISO 20471) as a backup. | Medium |